The Bektashi Sufi Order in Albania by Dr. SeyedAmir Asghari

Sufism, the inner and spiritual dimension of Islam, boasts a history as old as Islam itself. The chronicles of Sufi orders often intertwine with myths, and the Bektashiyyah order is no exception. The significance, impact, and influence of the Bektashi order since the sixteenth century, especially in the Balkans, are undeniable. Among the communities in this part of the world, Albanian Bektashism represents a distinctive and dynamic expression of Islamic Sufism, deeply embedded in Albania’s spiritual and cultural milieu. It’s a syncretic fusion of Shi’ite Islam and Sufi mysticism, marked by a history rich in adaptation, resilience, and spiritual exploration. This blog explores the complexities of the Bektashi Muslim community by delving into its historical roots, spiritual doctrines, cultural importance, and the challenges it faces today. 

The Bektashi Order of Dervishes, a renowned Muslim Sufi Order in Albania, extends to Albanian populations in Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Turkiye. Tracing its spiritual lineage to Haji Bektash Veli, a revered 13th-century Sufi mystic from Nishapur, Iran, the order later flourished under Balim Sultan (d. ca 1520 CE) or Piri Sānī in modern-day Turkiye It was during this era that Bektashism began intertwining its teachings with liberal and mystical interpretations of Islam. The order is renowned for its focus on love, tolerance, and spiritual enlightenment, principles that resonate deeply within the Balkans’ cultural and religious fabric, particularly in Albania. The adaptability and universal appeal of Bektashi teachings have significantly influenced Albanian society and national figures, such as Naim Frashëri (1846 –1900), Albania’s national poet and a Bektashi adherent. Their followers cherish personal spiritual exploration and enlightenment, seeking divine communion through direct, personal engagement with God. This mystical journey manifests itself in poetry, art, and communal worship, characterized by openness to diverse interpretations and progressive social stances. The order’s tekkes, or spiritual gatherings, are hubs of learning, reflection, and community, embodying the Bektashi path’s inclusive and humanitarian ethos.  

Unfortunately, the 20th century brought significant challenges for Albania’s Bektashi community. During the communist era, Bektashism faced severe restrictions, leading to the destruction of many tekkes and dispersion of its followers. In this trying period, Baba Rexheb, a prominent Bektashi figure, fled Albania for the United States, preserving and promoting Bektashi identity and teachings, notably through his seminal work “Misticizma Islame dhe Bektashizma” (Islamic Mysticism and Bektashism) which was first published in 1970 in Michigan in the United States. Later, selections from the book were translated into English by Bardhyl Pogoni (1925-1985) and published in 1985.  

Baba Rexheb’s insider perspective allowed him to provide valuable insights into the Bektashi worldview and its place within the wider context of Islamic Sufism. His book provides a comprehensive exploration of the Bektashi tradition, including its teachings, practices, and historical development. It is divided into two parts, each comprising various chapters. The first part delves into the history of Sufism, its etymology and origins, Sufi terminology, and brief biographical sketches of eminent Sufis. Baba Rexheb employs this segment to closely associate Bektashi’s tenets with the overarching history of Sufism. His encapsulated the principles of Bektashism as follows: 

Firstly, the Bektashi Order believes in God as the Almighty and Creator and has faith in and respects for the Holy Quran. Secondly, it follows to the prophetic tradition and rejects claims that Bektashism has deviated from the Holy Quran and Prophetic hadith and tradition. Thirdly, it holds respect and love for the household of the Prophet, notably Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Hossein, and regarding Ali as the master of Evliā (saints). Fourthly, the Bektashi order considers Islam a religion in accordance with intellect and fitrah or the innate human nature. Fifthly, it stresses the importance of Muslims’ daily prayers (Salāt) and underscores the significance of comprehending the import of religious obligations; otherwise, religious practice will be a mere imitation.  

Today, Bektashism continues to champion spiritual growth, social justice, and interfaith dialogue. Its global influence attracts followers seeking a path of love, wisdom, and understanding. The order’s resilience and adaptability testify to its enduring relevance and its capacity to foster unity and compassion among diverse peoples. In a world grappling with modern complexities, Bektashism offers timeless Islamic Sufi wisdom and hope for those on a spiritual journey. 

 

Additional Notes:  

You may read more about the Bektashis in Albania here:  

The Holly Seat of the World Bektashi Headquarter 

The Albanian-speaking Bektashi Order of dervishes 

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Dr. SeyedAmir Asghari is a post-doctoral research associate in the Department of Religion at Baylor University. His extensive research spans topics such as Abrahamic religions, natural law, Islamic intellectual and legal traditions, Sufism, and inter-religious understanding.