Introduction

Moving from California to Bloomington has shown me differing levels of available healthy food options. While Bloomington is unique to the surrounding areas in regards to population and food availability, the greater area of Monroe County had a food insecurity rate of 16.8%, with 24,000 individuals experiencing food insecurity as of 2017 (Gunderson 2019). This is one of the highest rates for counties in the state of Indiana. The population of Bloomington was 85,755 as of 2019, (Quickfacts 2019) and the number of students attending Indiana University is about 40,000. Before the pandemic, the median income of residents of Bloomington was $37,077, and the percentage of the population in poverty was 35.8%, as of 2019 (Quickfacts 2019). 

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP, is a federally funded, government program that helps individuals and families with low or no income by providing Electronic Benefits Transfer Cards, called HoosierWorks cards for the state of Indiana (EBT 2021). To be eligible for SNAP benefits, you must have less than $2,500 in both savings and checking accounts, or less than $3,500 if you share a house with someone over the age of 60 or a person with a disability. There are also eligibility requirements regarding annual income. For example, a family of four must have an annual income of $34,450 before taxes to be eligible for SNAP benefits. The table below shows the annual household income requirements for SNAP benefits eligibility (Benefits.gov). 

Table 1: Annual Household Limits (before taxes) for SNAP Eligibility (Benefits.gov). 

A more recent data set from 2019 shows that  Monroe County has a food insecurity rate of 14.4%, with 66% below the SNAP threshold of 130% poverty (Map the Meal Gap). The figures 1, 2, and 3 depict the overall food insecurity rate of the United States (10.9%), with subsequent focus on Indiana and Monroe County. The darker green areas suggest higher food insecurity rate; however, the food insecurity rate of Monroe County (14.4%) is depicted in a lighter green than the adjacent Owen County (14.7%), even though they differ in just 0.3% (Map the Meal Gap). 

Figure 1: Food Insecurity Rate of the United States of America (Map the Meal Gap).

Figure 2: Food Insecurity Rate of the State of Indiana (Map the Meal Gap)

Figure 3: Food Insecurity Data for Monroe County (Map the Meal Gap)

Bloomington, Indiana is not only higher than the national average for food insecurity rates, but it is also above the state average. The state average is 12.4%, and Monroe County’s average is 14.4%. There are many factors that can affect access to healthy foods, but some to consider are access to public transportation, affordability, and distance to travel (Food Insecurity 2020). 

If there are not healthy food options available to individuals, it puts these individuals at a higher risk of diabetes, heart disease and other health problems. The CDC lists a healthy diet as one of the main ways to lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes (CDC 2021). Prevention is often considered the most effective means of treatment with health problems such as diabetes, so a healthy diet is incredibly important for an individual’s overall health. In a study conducted by Dr. Ghosh-Dastidar, it was found that for every additional mile traveled to shop, the odds of being obese increases by 5% (Ghosh-Dastidar 2014).  These individuals must rely on food that is closer and cheaper for them, which may include fast food, processed food, and foods high in sugar. Another factor that is linked to food insecurity is racial background. A study conducted in Detroit found that people in low-income black neighborhoods had to travel an average of 1.1 miles farther than people in low-income white neighborhoods (Zenk 2005). Unequal access to healthy, nutritious food can increase obesity rates, which can put individuals at risk for diabetes, heart disease and other health problems. 

Another issue facing Indiana as a whole is the loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity is extremely important for many reasons, but directly important for our source of food. Our food is supplied by agriculture, which is directly benefited by ecosystem services, such as pollination, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. Amongst the threat to biodiversity is a decline in natural pollinators, such as bees. Natural pollinators support over 35% of global crop production, which is over ⅓ of the food that we eat (Fish & Wildlife 2021).  Unfortunately, bee species richness has been declining since the 1990s (Zattara). This does not mean that the number of bees is decreasing, but it does mean the number of species is decreasing, which overall depletes biodiversity. Pollinators are essential to a healthy ecosystem because they ensure fertilization and help propagate genetic variety through transferring pollen to different plants. Each pollinator has a different attraction to a species of plant; for example, butterflies are especially attracted to red and purple, bees are attracted to white, yellow, and blue, and hummingbirds are attracted to tubular, red, orange, and white flowers (Pollinator Garden). 

A way to ameliorate the issue of food insecurity and biodiversity loss is the use of community and home gardens. Community gardens provide healthy fruits and vegetables to communities where fresh produce may not be available. Community gardens have become more popular, especially due to the unequal distribution of healthy food options in the United States. In the US, there are an estimated 10,000 community gardens with over 1 million participants (Clarke 2015). Having already increased in popularity, community gardens provide a promising benefit to both community food scarcity and biodiversity. Community gardens can contribute to individual and community food security (Corrigan 2011), as well as increase biodiversity of the community by attracting pollinators in the area that create genetic variety by spreading pollen farther than air pollination. Biodiversity is important for the food we eat and the services we are provided by the ecosystem. Pollinators, such as bees, are crucial for biodiversity and the reproduction of produce that we eat. Community gardens can help protect the bee population by planting native species and using pesticides responsibly (Thiele 2020).

The community gardens in Bloomington are the Willie Streeter Community Garden, Butler Park Community Garden, and Switchyard Park Community Garden. These gardens are plots to rent, and the food grown is not open to the public; however, the individuals who rent these plots are able to grow fresh fruits, vegetables, herbs, and more. The price to rent these plots are $40 for the smaller plots (100 square feet) and $75 for the larger plots (200 square feet) (Community Gardening 2021). While these plots are not open to the public for harvest, it is still significantly cheaper to rent a plot and grow crops than to repeatedly go to the grocery store for produce. Another benefit of community gardens is that the users can choose what means of pest control to use. The community garden organization recommends many different natural, organic methods of pest control such as garlic or pepper oil, insecticidal soaps, and traps. A handy guide for permitted pest control substances is the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) list, which lists the best organic means for pest control. Banned substances for pest control include synthetic pesticides, nicotine, any type of synthetic herbicides (e.g. Roundup), and a few others (Community Gardening Program Organic Methods Guidelines 2021). 

The Bloomington Community Orchard, located adjacent to the Willie Streeter Community Garden, is open to the public for harvest. The community is encouraged to make the orchard a place to socialize, gather fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs, as well as learn more about community gardening and caring for crops. This orchard was one of my favorite places I visited throughout this project; it has a circular area with benches made to socialize and small trails to look at the different trees, crops, and herbs. The orchard plants native species, such as persimmon, hazelnut, and serviceberry to attract pollinators native to the area. They also have bee hives, and in 2019, 40 pounds of honey were produced to share with the community (History & Milestones). The Bloomington Community Orchard has made a point to increase biodiversity and support for native species, as well as support the community through providing fresh produce and other healthy food options. This organization has a passion for continuing the use of home and community gardens: they offer free classes about tree selection, plant care, and pest management. The City of Bloomington Parks and Recreation, Monroe County Public Library, Indiana University, and many other community organizations sponsor the Bloomington Community Orchard. 

Hilltop Gardens are also located in Bloomington, and this organization is affiliated with Indiana University. Hilltop Gardens started in 1948 with an acre of alfalfa belonging to the Indiana University Department of Botany. Now, the gardens are open for student volunteering, study programs, and youth gardening. Hilltop has 10 gardens, each dedicated to a different category of plants and pollinators. The Campus gardens are plots to rent, similarly to the city community gardens. However, Hilltop also has numerous other noteworthy gardens. One such garden is the Pollinator Garden, which houses annual and perennial flowers and other plants to attract pollinators in the area, such as bees, butterflies, caterpillars, and hummingbirds. The Family Garden at Hilltop fosters a community learning environment for children in the area by hosting field trips and educational tours. This garden plants a variety of fruits and vegetables that the children choose, but there are also established areas for raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry plants. The other gardens at Hilltop include the Healing Garden, Color Field, Herb Garden, Shade Garden, Tea Garden, and Urban Garden, which all do their part to increase biodiversity and community development (Hilltop Garden – Gardens). 

Figure 4 shows the locations of the community gardens in Bloomington. Switchyard Park Community Garden is not pictured; however, it is located on the southwest side of Bloomington. 

Figure 4: Map of Community Gardens in Bloomington, Indiana (Google Maps)

Methods

For this project, I decided to gather my data via a journalistic approach. I sent a survey to the directors of the various community gardens in Bloomington. This season (fall and into winter) is not ideal to determine the biodiversity of plant species in community gardens in Bloomington; however, visiting these gardens is still important. That being said, I will supplement my data with interviews with the directors of these community gardens in order to get a more accurate understanding of their overall yearly plant population. The director of the City of Bloomington Community Gardens is named Sarah Mullin, and the director of Hilltop is named Kaylie Scherer. In addition to the interviews with the directors of the local community gardens, I visited the gardens and the orchard to experience the gardens myself. I took pictures of the various gardens, as well as the signs discussing community involvement, plant care, and invasive species warnings. 

The interview questions were in the format of a Google Form, and were sent to both Sarah Mullin and Kaylie Scherer. The questions with an “Other” option provide an opportunity for the respondents to freely type a different answer to the question. The questions were as follows:

• Name (first and last)
• Organization
• How long have you been a part of this organization?
• What percentage of users of this community garden are students? (an estimation will do)
  • <10%
  • 11-25%
  • 25-50%
  • 50-75%
  • 75+%
  • Other
• Of your species in this community garden, what percent are native to Indiana? (an estimation will do)
  • <10%
  • 11-25%
  • 25-50%
  • 50-75%
  • 75+%
  • Other
• What is the total number of plant species in this community garden at the moment? (an estimation will do)
• What is the total number of plant species in this community garden during peak season (e.g. Spring)? (an estimation will do)
• During what season is the attendance highest?
  • Spring
  • Summer
  • Winter
  • Fall
  • Other
• Is this community garden affiliated with a student organization at Indiana University? If yes, which one?
• Is there anything you would like me to pass onto my class? (optional)

Asynchronous, email interviewing offers qualitative data that is comparable to face-to-face interviews; however, there are other benefits of asynchronous interviewing. Some of these benefits include more careful, precise answers due to the participants having more time to independently formulate a response. There is also a higher chance of the participant agreeing to the interview than if a face-to-face interview is conducted (Ratislavová 2014).

Because of the large percentage of students in the Bloomington population, I want to incorporate students’ perspectives as well. In my survey that I sent out to students, I asked questions the following questions: 

• What is your gender?
  • Male
  • Female
  • Nonbinary / Third gender
  • Prefer not to say
  • Other
• How old are you?
  • 18-24
  • 25-35
  • 36-45
  • 46-60
  • 60+
• What year are you in school?
  • Freshman
  • Sophomore
  • Junior
  • Senior
  • Graduate Student
  • Out of School
  • Other
• What factors determine what you eat? (check all that apply)
  • Affordability
  • Time it takes to make/get
  • Nutrients/Macros
  • Pleasure/Taste
  • Culture/Upbringing
  • Other
• How satisfied are you with the availability of food in your area? (scale of 1-5, 1 being very unsatisfied and 5 being very satisfied)
• How satisfied are you with the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables? (scale of 1-5, 1 being very unsatisfied and 5 being very satisfied)
• How healthy do you feel your diet is? (scale of 1-5, 1 being very unhealthy and 5 being very healthy)
• Have you been to/heard of a community garden in Bloomington?
  • Yes I have heard and been to a community garden in Bloomington
  • Yes I have heard of a community garden in Bloomington, but I have not been to one
  • No I have not heard of been to a community garden in Bloomington
• What does a healthy diet mean to you? (optional but much appreciated)

Including questions regarding community gardens will give valuable data on student engagement, but also mentioning these organizations can increase awareness and increase their popularity, which can support the use of community and home gardens. The questions regarding satisfaction of availability of food and what a healthy diet consists of offer important qualitative data, which can help with determining the need for community gardens in certain areas. I sent this survey out after Thanksgiving break to the various organizations I am affiliated with at Indiana University. Most of the responses from this survey were from the student population at Indiana University, and I got 83 responses. 

Results

When visiting the community gardens, I took pictures of the various plant species and signs present. At the Willie Streeter Community Garden, there were a few entrances and signs up discussing the care of the garden plots. Some of these signs are pictured in figures 5, 6, and 7.

Figure 5: Entrance Sign at Willie Streeter Community Garden

Figure 6: Care for Tomatoes at Willie Streeter Community Garden

Figure 7: Invasive Species Warning and Care at Willie Streeter Community Garden

The Willie Streeter Community Garden still had some frost-resistant crops such as brussel sprouts, kale, and cabbage. Pictures of these plants are in figures 8, 9, and 10.

Figure 8: Brussel Sprouts at Willie Streeter Community Garden

Figure 9: Kale at Willie Streeter Community Garden

Figure 10:Cabbage at Willie Streeter Community Garden

Similarly to the Willie Streeter Community Garden, the Switchyard Park Community Garden had frost resistant crops; however, there were not as many signs dedicated to plant care, and there were only raised beds for planting. There were also designated areas for compost and excess planting materials, such as soil, straw, and leaf mulch. The following three figures are from Switchyard Park Community Garden. 

Figure 11: Switchyard Park Community Garden

Figure 12: Soil, Straw, and Leaf Mulch Areas for Switchyard Park Community Garden

Figure 13: Compost Area at Switchyard Park Community Garden

The Butler Park Community Garden had signs similar to Willer Streeter Community Garden. It also had frost resistant crops, such as Rosemary, and an area for sitting. Figure 14 depicts frost-resistant rosemary being grown at Butler Park Community Garden. Figure 15 shows the sitting area. 

Figure 14: Rosemary at Butler Park Community Garden

Figure 15: Sitting Area at Butler Park Community Garden

The Bloomington Community Orchard was set up quite differently than the community gardens. There were trails and many sitting areas that enhanced the community feel. The signs at the orchard were endearing and encouraging, often with famous quotes. Figure 16 depicts the welcome sign at the orchard. Figure 17 shows the introduction sign at the orchard, and figure 18 shows a famous quote from Gandhi.

Figure 16: Welcome Sign at Bloomington Community Orchard

Figure 17: Introduction Sign at Bloomington Community Orchard

Figure 18: Famous Quote displayed at Bloomington Community Orchard

The Orchard really emphasizes the “community” in “community garden”, and makes it clear that all are welcome to relax and gather food in the orchard. They also have herbs and bee balm, which is depicted by figure 19.

Figure 19: Bee Balm, Chamomile, and Fennel Plaques at Bloomington Community Orchard

The survey sent to the directors of the community gardens, Sarah Mullin and Kaylie Scherer, provided more information on the individuals who attend, crops grown, and peak seasons. 

Sarah Mullin is the director of the Bloomington Community Gardens, and she has been a part of this organization for three years. She reports that less than 10% of the users of this garden are students. She also reported that while the gardens do contain some native species, less than 10% of the crops are native to Indiana. She does mention that the landscaping outside of Switchyard and Butler Park gardens include native species. At the moment, she estimates that there are about 10-15 plant species in the gardens; however, when the attendance is the highest (summer) there are about 50-60 different plant species. 

Kaylie Scherer is the director of the Hilltop Gardens. She has been a part of the Hilltop Gardens organization for about two-and-a-half years. The Hilltop Gardens include many types of gardens, so it is difficult to get an accurate estimate of the number of species present. The season where the attendance is the greatest is spring and fall, due to students leaving during the summer; however, for the local community, the highest attendance is during spring, summer, and fall. 

The student survey received 83 responses. Of these responses, 73.5% were female, 24.1% were male, and 2.4% were another gender. The vast majority (96.4%) were ages 18-24, and the other 3.6% were ages 25-35. The vast majority were undergraduate students (with 41% being seniors and 36.1% being juniors). 

When asked about the factors that determine what they eat, 76/83 (91.6%) reported that taste is a factor. This was the highest chosen determinate of consumed food. Of the others, time it takes to make/get reported 72/83, affordability reported 67/83, nutrients/macros reported 48/83, and culture/upbringing reported 29/83. There were two responses indicating that dietary restrictions determined what they ate. Figure 20 shows the responses. 

Figure 20: Student Survey Question: What factors determine what you eat?

When asked how satisfied the participants were with the availability of food in their area (Bloomington) most were either very satisfied or satisfied. Figure 21 shows the responses to this question.

Figure 21: Student Survey Question: How satisfied are you with the availability of food in your area?

When asked how satisfied the participants were with the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables, they were mostly either neutral or satisfied, which is lower than the previous question. Figure 22 presents the results of this question. 

Figure 22: Student Survey Question: How satisfied are you with the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables?

When asked how healthy the participants felt their diet is, the most responses were for feeling neutral about their diet. The figure below depicts the results of this survey question.

Figure 23: Student Survey Question: How healthy do you feel your diet is?

Because increased awareness for community gardens can lead to increased usage, I asked the participants if they have heard of or been to a community garden in Bloomington. Below (figure 24) shows the results of this question.

Figure 24: Student Survey Question: Have you been to/heard of a community garden in Bloomington?

The final question in this survey asks the participants to freely write what a healthy diet means to them. For this question, I made it optional. This is because I wanted as many responses to this survey as possible, and longer, freely written questions are not as quick and easy to respond to as a student. This question received 42 responses. This question received many types of responses ranging from abiding by their dietary restrictions, reaching adequate protein intake, and physically feeling good. The most frequent answer to this question included some sort of balance of macronutrients, and many participants mentioned that protein and fresh produce were important for them to prioritize in a healthy diet. 

Discussion

Visiting the community gardens made me quite excited to see them during peak season. I visited these gardens at the end of November, which did not provide an accurate depiction of the biodiversity of these gardens, but I did see some interesting signs and got a better understanding of the community involvement. The sitting areas in all the gardens emphasized the importance of community involvement and enjoyment with these community gardens.

The community gardens in Bloomington provide support for those who may not be able to afford fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs. The Bloomington Community Orchard is especially inviting; I felt welcome there from the moment I stepped foot in the orchard. The signs are very endearing, and the set-up keeps socialization in mind. They also offer free classes on various gardening topics for the community. Dispersed with and around the signs discussing the plant species were free tiny libraries and a board dedicated to their children’s haiku contest. Figure 25 is a picture of the tiny library and figure 26 shows the haiku contest flyer. 

Figure 25: “Little Free Library” at Bloomington Community Orchard

Figure 26: Haiku Contest at Bloomington Community Orchard

The inviting atmosphere was only enhanced when I continued to learn how these gardens create a healthier ecosystem. Having these gardens to help lower-income families while also helping the ecosystem is a win-win scenario. The orchard’s bee hives and native species directly support biodiversity. Additionally, Hilltop Gardens emphasized increasing biodiversity and creating a healthy ecosystem through the use of their many gardens. Their ten gardens help attract and support pollinators who increase biodiversity, but their gardens dedicated specifically to pollinators and families truly illustrate the importance and purpose of community gardens. 

My survey results, unfortunately, showed that over half of the respondents (mostly students) have never heard of the community gardens in Bloomington. Although the Bloomington Community Gardens are not advertised much to students, I was surprised to see that the majority of respondents had not heard of Hilltop. Hilltop is affiliated with Indiana University via their Landscape Architecture department. There are many opportunities for students to get involved with Hilltop gardens.

The fact that the student survey indicated that individuals are less satisfied with the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables and that one of the top determining factors for their diets includes affordability makes me hypothesize that increased usage of community and home gardens would be a great solution for these concerns. 

Final Statements

Community gardens are a great way to create community connections and provide for those that do not have access to fresh produce. The set-up of the gardens in Bloomington reflect the care for the community by their numerous seating areas and welcoming signs. The Bloomington Community Orchard created an inviting environment with their direct community involvement events. These gardens either create an affordable alternative to grocery shopping by having an affordable way to grow your own produce, or they are simply areas where the public can gather fresh produce for free. Either way, it greatly benefits the community as a whole. 

This “feel-good” atmosphere does not stop with the sense of community–these gardens have a beneficial impact on the ecosystem through supporting pollinators and creating an area of biodiversity.  All of the gardens researched for this project have some native species, but the Bloomington Community Orchard and Hilltop Gardens both created outlets specifically for pollinators and stress the importance of a healthy ecosystem. The Bloomington Community Orchard has bee hives and a variety of native plants, such as persimmon, serviceberry, and hazelnut, and Hilltop has a garden specifically dedicated to pollinators in the area, such as butterflies and bees. 

Community gardens are a great way to increase community involvement and provide fresh produce as well as increase biodiversity. I believe that creating more awareness for community gardens and their benefits would greatly increase their usage and further benefit the ecosystem and the communities that use them. 

References

1. Gundersen, C. “Overall and Child Food Insecurity by County 2017.” Tableau Public, Feeding America Research, 2 May 2019, public.tableau.com/app/profile/feeding.america.research/viz/2017StateWorkbook-Public_15568266651950/CountyDetailDataPublic. 
2. “QuickFacts: Bloomington City, Indiana.” United States Census Bureau, United States Census Bureau, 1 July 2019, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bloomingtoncityindiana/PST045219
3. “EBT (Hoosier Works Card).” In.gov, State of Indiana, 28 Sept. 2021, https://www.in.gov/fssa/dfr/ebt-hoosier-works-card/. 
4. “Indiana Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.” Benefits.gov, https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/1070. 
5. “Map the Meal Gap Data.” Feeding America, https://www.feedingamerica.org/research/map-the-meal-gap/by-county
6. “Food Insecurity.” Food Insecurity | Healthy People 2020, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-health/interventions-resources/food-insecurity#23. 
7. “Diabetes and Your Heart.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 May 2021, www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-heart.html
8. Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie, et al. “Distance to Store, Food Prices, and Obesity in Urban Food Deserts.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Nov. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205193/
9. Zenk, Shannon, et al. “Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit.” American Journal of Public Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15798127/. 
10. Fish & Wildlife. “Pollinator Conservation.” Fish & Wildlife, State of Indiana, 17 Sept. 2021, https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/pollinator-conservation/
11. Zattara, Eduardo. “Worldwide Occurrence Records Reflect a Global Decline in …” ResearchGate, ResearchGate, Dec. 2019, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337876473_Worldwide_occurrence_records_reflect_a_global_decline_in_bee_species_richness.
12. “Pollinator Garden.” Hilltop Gardens, IU Landscape Architecture, https://hilltop.indiana.edu/gardens/pollinator-garden/index.html. 
13. Clarke, Lorraine Weller, and G. Darrel Jenerette. “Biodiversity and Direct Ecosystem Service Regulation in the Community Gardens of Los Angeles, CA.” Landscape Ecology, Springer Netherlands, 6 Jan. 2015, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-014-0143-7. 
14. Corrigan, Michelle P. “Growing What You Eat: Developing Community Gardens in Baltimore, Maryland.” Applied Geography, Pergamon, 2 Mar. 2011, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014362281100018X. 
15. Thiele, Rebecca. “How Are Indiana’s Bee Colonies Faring? Recent Survey Data Shows Mixed Results.” WFYI Public Media, WFYI, 22 July 2020, https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/how-are-indianas-bee-colonies-faring-recent-survey-data-shows-mixed-results. 
16. “Community Gardening.” Community Gardening | City of Bloomington, Indiana, https://bloomington.in.gov/parks/community-gardening. 
17. “Community Gardening Program Organic Method Guidelines.” Bloomington.in.gov, City of Bloomington Parks and Recreation, Feb. 2021, https://www.bloomington.in.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/Organic%20Method%20Guidelines.pdf. 
18. “History & Milestones.” Bloomington Community Orchard, https://bloomingtoncommunityorchard.org/site/history-milestones/. 
19. “Hilltop Garden – Gardens.” Hilltop Gardens, IU Landscape Architecture, https://hilltop.indiana.edu/gardens/index.html. 
20. Google Maps. Bloomington, IN, Community Gardens. Map. Google. 5 October 2021, https://www.google.com/maps/search/community+gardens+near+Bloomington,+IN/@39.1548725,-86.5568296,13z/data=!3m1!4b1. Accessed 5 October 2021. 
21. Ratislavová, Kateřina, and Jakub Ratislav. “Asynchronous Email Interview as a Qualitative Research Method in the Humanities.” De Gruyter, De Gruyter, 1 Oct. 2014, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/s13374-014-0240-y/html.